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A Learning Science Conference?

9 July 2024 by Clark Leave a Comment

learning science conference 2024 banner: "Online. Asynchronous & Live Sessions"In our field of learning design (aka instructional design), it’s too frequently the case that folks don’t actually know the underlying learning science that guides processes, policies, and practices. Is this a problem? If it is, what is the remedy?

Consider that you wouldn’t want an electrician that didn’t understand the principles of electricity. Such a person might not understand, for instance, the importance of grounding, leavning open the possibility of burning down the house.

So, too, with learning. If you don’t understand learning science, you might not understand why learning styles is a waste of money, the lack of value of information alone, nor that you should make alternatives to the right answer reflect typical misconceptions. There’s lots more: models, context, and feedback are also included in the topics that most folks don’t understand the nuances of.

If you don’t understand learning science, you waste money. You are likely to design ineffective learning, wasting time and effort. Or you might expend unnecessary effort on things that don’t have an impact. Overall, it’s a path to the poorhouse.

Of course, there are other reasons why we don’t have the impact we should: mismatched expectations on costs and time, SME recalcitrance and hubris, and more. Still, you’re better equipped to counter these problems if you can justify your stance from sound research.

The way to address this, of course, also isn’t necessarily easy. You might read a book, though some can mislead you. And, you still don’t get answers if you have questions. Or, you could pay for a degree, but those can be quite expensive and ineffective. Too frequently they spend time on process and not enough on principles.

There’s another option, one we’re providing. What if you could get the core essentials curated for their relevance? Further, this content is provided for you asynchronously, buttressed by the opportunity for meaningful interaction, in a tight time frame (at different times depending on your location)? Then, the presentation is by some of the most important names in the field, individuals who’ve reliably demonstrated an ability to translate academic research into comprehensible principles? And, finally, this is delivered at an appropriate cost? Does that sound like a valuable proposition?

I’d like to invite you to the Learning Science Conference, put on by the Learning Development Accelerator. Faculty already agreed include Ruth Clark (co-author of eLearning & The Science of Instruction), myself (author of Learning Science for Instructional Designers), Matt Richter (co-director of the Thiagi group), and Nidhi Sachdeva (faculty at University of Toronto). The curriculum covers 9 of the most important elements of learning science including learning, myths and barriers, motivation, informal and social learning, media, and evaluation.

This event is designed to leave you with the foundations necessary to be able to design learning experiences that are both engaging and effective, as well as dealing with the expected roadblocks to success. Frankly, we see little else that’s as comprehensive and practical. We hope to see you there!

Break it down!

2 July 2024 by Clark 2 Comments

jigsaw puzzle piecesIn our LDA Forum, someone posted a question asking about taking Cathy Moore’s Action Mapping for soft skills, like improving team dynamics. Now, they’re specifically asking about a) people with experience, and b) in the context of not-for-profits, so…I’m not a good candidate to respond. However, what it does raise is a more common problem: how do you train things that are more ephemeral. Like, for instance, leadership, or communication? My short answer is “break it down”. What do I mean? Here’re some thoughts, and I welcome feedback!

Many moons ago, I co-wrote a paper on evaluating social media impacts. There are the usual metrics, like ‘engagement’. That is, are people using the system? Of course, for companies charging for their platform, this could be as infrequent as a person accessing it once a month. More practically, however, it should be a person hitting it at least several times a week, or even several times a day! If you’re communicating, cooperating, and collaborating, you really should be interacting at a fair frequency.

I, on the other hand, argued for more detailed implications. If you’re putting it into a sales team, you should expect not only messages, but more success on sales, shorter sales cycles, etc. So you can get more detailed. These days, you can do even more, and have the system actually tag what the messages are about and count them. You can go deeper.

Which is what I think is the answer here. What skills do you want? For an innovation demo with Upside Learning, I argued we should break it down. That includes how to work out loud, and how to provide feedback, and how to run group meetings. (I’m just reading Alex Edman’s May Contain Lies, and it contains a lot of details about how to consider data and evidence.) We can look for more granular evidence. Even for skills like team dynamics, you should be looking at what makes good dynamics. So, things like making it safe yet accountable, providing feedback on behavior not on the person, valuing diversity, etc. There should be specific skills you want to develop, and assess. These, then, become the skills you design your learning to accomplish. You are, basically, creating a curriculum of the various skills that comprise the aggregated topic.

It may be that you assess a priori, and discover that only some are missing in your teams. That upfront analysis should happen regardless, but is too infrequent. The interlocutor here also mentioned the audience complaining about the time for analysis. Yep, that’s a problem. Reckon you have to sell the whole package: analyzing, designing, and evaluating for impact on performance, not just some improvement. Yet, compared to throwing money away? Seems like targeting intervention efforts should be a logical sell. If only we lived in a rational world, eh?

Still, overall, I think that these broad programs break down into specific skills that can be targeted and developed. And, we should. Let’s not get away with vague intentions, explanations, and consequently no outcomes. Let’s do the work, break it down, and develop actual skills. That, at least, is my take, I welcome hearing yours!

Diving or surfacing?

25 June 2024 by Clark Leave a Comment

Bubbles in water with light behindIn my regular questing, one of the phenomena I continue to explore is design. Investigating, for instance, reveals that, contrary to recommendations, designers approach practice more pragmatically. That’s something I’ve been experiencing both in my work with clients and recent endeavors. So, reflecting, are and should folks be diving or surfacing?

The original issue is how designers design. If you look at recommendations, they typically recommend starting at the top level conceptualization and work down, such as Jesse James Garrett’s Information Architecture approach (PDF of the Elements of User Experience; note that he puts the highest level of conceptualization at the bottom and argues to work up). Empirically, however, designers switch between top-down and bottom-up. What do I do?

Well, it of course depends on the project. Many times (and, ideally), I’m brought in early, to help conceptualize the strategy, leveraging learning science, design, organizational context, and more. I tend to lead the project’s top-level description, creating a ‘blueprint’ of where to go. From there, more pragmatic approaches make sense (e.g. bringing in developers). Then, I’m checking on progress, not doing the implementation. I suppose that’s like an architect. That is, my role is to stay at the top-level.

In other instances, I’m doing more. I frequently collaborate with the team to develop a solution. Or, sometimes, I get concrete to help communicate the vision that the blueprint documents. Which,  in working with an unfamiliar team, isn’t unusual. That ‘telepathy’ comes with getting to know folks ;).

In those other instances, I too will find out that pragmatic constraints influence the overarching conceptualization, and work back up to see how the guidelines need to be adapted to account for the particular instance. Or we need to deconnect from the details to remember what our original objective is. This isn’t a problem! In general, we should expect that ongoing development unearths realities that weren’t visible from above, and vice versa. We may have good general principles, (e.g. from learning science), but then we need to adapt them to our circumstances, which are unlikely to exactly match. In general, we need to abstract the best principles, and then de- and re-contextualize.

I find that while it’s harder work to wrestle with the details (more pay for IDs! ;), it’s very worthwhile. What’s developed is better as a result of testing and refining. In fact, this is a good argument about why we should iterate (and build it into our timelines and budgets). It’s hubris to assume that ‘if we build it, it is good’. So, let’s not assume we can either be diving or surfacing, but instead recognize we should cycle between them. Start at the top and work down, but then regularly check back up too!

What I’m up to

4 June 2024 by Clark Leave a Comment

Ok, so it’s been a wee bit too much about me (my books, themes), yet it occurs to me that I should document what I’m doing. (Which I’ve done before, but this is looking forward, too.) Not just for me (though it helps ;), but it’s because I realized my thinking other than books is actually getting spread out in various places. So, here’s what I’m up to…

Mostly, it’s centering around applying the cognitive and learning sciences to the design of solutions. In a variety of ways, of course. I’ve been working with Upside Learning, serving as their Chief Learning Strategist. They want to do more than pay lip service to learning science (which I laud). I’m working with them on evangelism, internal development, and more. I’m also working with Elevator 9, in this case as advisor. They’re a platform solution to complement live events, again doing so in alignment with our brains. I’m also serving as co-director of the Learning Development Accelerator. That’s a society focused on evidence-informed L&D, and we explore what this approach means in practice. In each, I’ve been advancing my own understanding, and sharing the learnings.

So, at LDA, you can find our podcasts, blog posts (some of which are free to air!), and some programs (some likewise). For members, we’re running some internal programs as well. I’ve been pleased to augment my previous program on You Oughta Know with this year’s YOK Practitioner, where I get to interview some really amazing people. Then there’s also the Think Like A…series, where we talk to representatives of adjacent fields we (should) be plagiarizing. Then there are workshops, and we’re always developing more things.

At Elevator 9, while most of the work is behind the scenes, I did author, and David Grad (the CEO) read and taped, a series of ‘liftologies’. These are short videos  talking about the learning science that goes into their offering. When they redo the website, they’ll be easy to find, but right now they’re visible through the E9 LinkedIn page posts.

Upside Learning, on the other hand, has been proactive. They do a podcast with the CEO, Amit Garg (yes, I’ve been on it). They have a blog (and I’ve written some for them). I’ve also done some quick videos on myths. In addition, I’ve written some of their ebooks (topics like impact, microlearning, scenarios). And, of course, some webinars as well. These continue.

All this in conjunction with continuing as Quinnovation! I continue with a few clients, on a limited basis. These, of course, are not public, though the thoughts can percolate out (e.g. in this blog). I’m still doing some events, mostly virtually. For instance, I’ll be talking about the alignment between effective education and engaging events at LXDCon on Tues the 11th (at 7AM PT ). I’ll also be at DevLearn and Learning 2024.

That’s all I can think of at the moment. There’s more in the offing, of course. But for now, that’s what I’m up to. This blog may be (more than) enough, but the other sites prompt different thinking. They’re worth knowing about on their own, too!  If you’re interested, these are places to either become evidence-based, apply it, or get it done. Obviously, it’s something I think is important for our industry. (As is knowing the human information processing loop, which I’ve made freely available.) Whatever you do, however you do it, please do avoid the myths and apply the science.

My Themes

28 May 2024 by Clark Leave a Comment

While there’s a high correspondence between my books and what I believe, it’s not one to one. While there’s overlap, there’s also unique (outsider?) perspectives. So as much for me as you, here’re my themes. It’s about applying what we know about cognition and learning. That also includes the emotional side. Moreover, we also need to apply it to the design process. That is, we, as designers, are applying, but also are subject to, what’s known about how we think, work, and learn. That’s led to a variety of things that are covered here.

It starts with a core focus on learning. Which starts with the core of cognition, the human information processing loop, but goes beyond. I think that core, by the way, is a critical thing that really everyone who designs for people (and that’s everyone) should know. (Made a video freely available to that end.) The phenomena that arise from and augment that architecture play a role here. It covers, by the way, material in two of my books: the learning science one and my myths one. It’s also the basis for my participation in the Serious eLearning Manifesto. It’s about us applying, correctly, what’s known about creating learning experiences that lead to real outcomes. I still think my focus on activity-based learning is an important way to think about creating experiences.

A complement to that is my focus on engagement in learning. Here I’m reflecting what’s been studied about making experiences engaging, across games, theatre and film, fiction, flow, and more. The first manifestation was in my book on designing serious games, but it’s morphed. My latest book is a complement to the learning science side and as a generalization of those early principles on games. I’ll be talking about this at LXDCon.

However, when we talk about performance, the picture broadens. (A topic I’ll be discussing for Upside Learning.) Marc Rosenberg talked about going beyond (e)learning, and Jay Cross wrote about informal learning. I like to think of an ecosystem approach to meeting the full suite of performance needs. This includes not just courses, but also performance support. However, it also goes further, talking about innovation as well. As I like to say, when you’re doing research, design, trouble-shooting, etc, you don’t know the answer when you begin, so it too is learning. I tried to capture this in my book on where L&D should go.

An older theme, about mobile, is in some sense no longer relevant. Mobile (for corporations and universities) has become ubiquitous and is part of the performance ecosystem. In fact, part of the recognition of the ecosystem perspective came from thinking about mobile with the recognition that it’s least about courses on a phone, and about so much more. The frameworks I created then – augmenting learning, performance support, social/informal, and context-specific – however, strike me as still worthwhile to consider. It’s really about the alignment of technology with our minds, which includes interface design and more.

Thus, implicit in the ecosystem perspective is technology. One thing we lag in is being smart about our systems. While web spinners have been using tagged content and rules, we typically still create experience hard coded in their delivery. We thus neglect content engineering, and similarly content management (e.g. the lifecycle). I was on this theme a number of years ago (content and context), but it’s sadly still relevant. I think the advent of generative AI may get folks to start thinking more about discrete content for adaptive delivery, but I’d still use a different approach to implement.

Again, it’s the application of how we think, work, and learn, to the design of solutions. In my case, for performance outcomes for individuals and organizations. Not sure what my next theme will be (or whether there’ll even be one, these are still all too relevant). I’m not sure this is comprehensive, so hopefully this first stab will give me time to think about it more!

More on coaching

16 April 2024 by Clark Leave a Comment

Recently, the LDA had a debate about coaching, following on the podcast interview. The wise Emma Weber represented the pro argument, while the LDA’s own Matt Richter was con. (Note that these are false divides, we explore the topic for the sake of unpacking issues.) Superb moderating from Kat Koppett was a bonus!  As the discussion went, it uncovered more on coaching, without yielding any finality (for reasons we’ll explore).

So, one of the problems emerged immediately, getting into definitions. Matt pushed a bit on the ‘like sport’ notion, where coaching has lots of specific knowledge, while Emma was more on the domain-independent side of coaching. What emerged was that different people have different definitions. Some folks (like me) put coaching further on the domain-dependent side, with mentoring being the more abstract. However, it’s clear others view coaching as the more advanced and deeper side.

This divide isn’t new, but it does provide some barriers, not least to research! As that issue came up, Kat pointed us to a study that began by saying “However, the coaching research suggests a large variety of processes and outcomes, lacking clarity on the primary psychological dimensions most impacted.” Their meta-analysis suggested that “executive coaching is a powerful instrument for organizations to support positive change and personal development.” Which is a good thing, for sure. Their definition does seem to err more on the general side, which is interesting. And, to my own understanding, an important lesson.

One issue that stuck with me was thinking through the range of development. After the formal learning experience, I think there’re times when folks need to be observed, and provided some feedback as they perform. It became clear that the domain-independent model wants the learner to recognize for themselves when they’re not doing well and need to ask for assistance. Yet, a crucial inflection point is making that transition, and I believe that folks aren’t there right away. Similarly, we may not have the resources to add in all the complexities to a particular model for this task initially. So, we expect coaches (read: supervisors and managers) to help develop understanding. Maybe that’s not coaching, by definition, but it’s a task.

I’ll agree at some point you can start guiding folks to their own improvements, but I suspect that only comes when some base level of understanding is reached. We should be clear about this type of interaction as well as the one advocated for coaching! Similarly, we need clarity on labelling! We didn’t end up coming to any finality on that, sadly.

An issue I hadn’t thought about, but became important in the discussion is the issue of appropriate coaching. Clearly, some approaches to coaching don’t work . Knowing when you can expect the coachee to be capable of domain-independent coaching would be one important criteria. Knowing how to ask questions appropriately is another. My concern here is that there are a fair few models about coaching, and with the terminological and empirical barriers, how do you determine the best methods? If we’re to be evidence-based, how can we be?

I can’t say we came to any conclusions, but I do feel we unpacked more of the issues, and did give ourselves some guidance as to what to do when, even if we don’t have agreed upon names for it all yet. Coaching is important, of both types. The data from that study shows coaching can help. We know also that extending the learning experience through feedback on performance helps. We just need to figure out how best to combine them so we know more about coaching. Those are my thoughts , at least, I look forward to yours.

Do you feel lucky?

30 January 2024 by Clark Leave a Comment

roulette wheelOne of the things that I feel is undervalued is the role of luck. We hear about how the successful – the winners in business – get that way by virtue of their intelligence and diligence. Yet, if you think about it, lots of folks are smart and work hard. Yet not all succeed. Which made me wonder just how much of success is luck. I asked Siri (I was on a walk) and got the link to an article where they actually researched this. As to the answer, do you feel lucky?

The article starts with a suite of evidence. I know I’m mighty lucky to have been born as a white male in California, had both parents, was able to secure a really good education, and more. The data says that all these things are boons to the likelihood of success. There were also all sorts of weird variations (including middle initials contributes to success?).

Further, the article reports on how two researchers ran some simulations. They had characters with varying degrees of ‘talent’, and then also some good and bad luck. What happened, of course, is that the folks with a combination of luck and ‘talent’, did best. Talent alone didn’t do it, nor luck. In fact, the most talented didn’t succeed the most. “The most successful agents tended to be those who were only slightly above average in talent but with a lot of luck in their lives.”

The research goes further. It’s typical, in academia, that folks who get grants then are more likely to get subsequent grants. Which, it turns out, isn’t the best option. A different simulation by other researchers suggested random was better!  And, arguably, the best policy was giving everyone the same amount!

When we take this back to the real world, what seems to be important is that luck plays a big role in success. Those folks at the very top appear to have been very lucky. Further, their future success isn’t guaranteed (note that currently there’s a prime example of over-valuing previous success). If you’re smart, and dedicated, you’re more likely to do well, but you can also be subject to the slings and arrows of fortune which can similarly contribute.

I think we should be wary of rewarding past success with greater opportunity. We should also be wary of any assessment of how smart someone must be, just because they are successful. There are a lot of factors that contribute to success (for instance, research suggests, that being taller and having a deeper voice, increases the likelihood of doing well in business). They do say luck favors the prepared mind, so do work hard. But you’re also dependent on the vicissitudes of fate. Do you feel lucky?

Facilitating in the dark

16 January 2024 by Clark 1 Comment

I recently spoke to the International Association of Facilitators – India, having chosen to focus on transfer. My intent was for them to be thinking about ensuring that the skills they facilitate get applied when useful. My preparation was, apparently, insufficient, leaving me to discover something mid-talk. Which leads me to reflecting on facilitating in the dark.

So, I’m not a trained facilitator (nor designer, nor trainer, nor coach). While I’ve done most of this (with generally good results),I’m guided by the learning science behind whatever. So, in this case, I thought they were facilitating learning by either serving as trainers or coaches. Imagine my surprise when I found out that they largely facilitate without knowing the topic!

In general, to create learning experiences, we need good performance objectives. From there, we design the practice, and then align everything else to succeed on the final practice. We also (should) design the extension of the learning to coaching past any formal instruction, and generally ensuring that the impact isn’t undermined.

How, then, do you get models, examples, and provide feedback on practice if you don’t know the domain? What they said was that they were taking it from the learners themselves. They would get the learners together and facilitate them into helping each other, largely. This included creating an appropriate space.

To me, then, there are some additional things that need to be done. (And I’m not arguing they don’t do this.) You need to get the learners to:

  • articulate the models
  • provide examples
  • ensure that they articulate the underlying thinking
  • think about how to unpack the nuances
  • ensure sufficient coverage of contexts
  • provide feedback on others’ experiences

This is in addition to creating a safe space, opening and closing the experience, etc.

So it caused me to think about when this can happen. I really can’t see this happening for novices. They don’t know the frameworks and don’t have the experience. They need formal instruction. Once learners have had some introduction and practice, however, this sort of facilitation could work. It may be a substitute for a community of practice that might naturally provide this context. You’d just be creating the safe space in the facilitation instead of the community.

The necessary skills to do this well, to be agile enough mentally to balance all these tasks, even with a process, is impressive.  I did ask whether they ended up working in particular verticals, because it does seem like even if you came in facilitating in the dark, you couldn’t help learn while doing the facilitation. There did seem to be some agreement.

Overall, while I prefer people with domain knowledge doing facilitation, I can see this. At least, if the community can’t do it itself. We don’t share enough about learning to learn, and we could. I do think a role for L&D is to spread the abilities to learn, so that more folks can do it more effectively. The late Jay Cross believed this might be the best investment a company could make!

Nonetheless, while facilitating in the dark may not be optimal, it may be useful. And that, of course, is really the litmus test. So it was another learning opportunity for me, and hopefully for them too!

 

Lazy thinking?

21 November 2023 by Clark 1 Comment

Now, I’m the last who should throw stones. I can be quite guilty of lazy thinking, particularly when there’re commercial decisions to be made. (Providers have done a fabulous job of making sure you can’t compare apples to apples, and when there’re so many such situations…) Yet, there’s one place where I struggle with the consequences. That’s in our professional field, and it seems like there’re too many opportunities to yield.

A trigger was a recent conversation where an individual was talking about generations. Grouping folks by when they’re born is problematic at best. For one, the boundaries used seem to vary by who’s doing the categorizing. Not a solid basis. Moreover, the research suggests that there really aren’t meaningful differences. What do exist are explainable by age differences (which isn’t the same thing, for one it’s a continuum, not discrete chunks). Really, it’s a mild form of age discrimination, differentiating people by when they’re born, not who they are or how they behave. (Also problematic is the notion that events affect certain segments of the population, but that’s a longer conversation).  It’s one of the myths in my book on same.

Other examples include learning styles, hemispheres, gender differences, and more. First, they’re categorizations on things that people can’t control. Second, they don’t get backing from data. I just read that medical science has been excluding women from research based upon an assumption about temperature variability that was exposed as being irrelevant!

Sure, it’s much easier if we can reliably group people into segments that mean we have a reliable basis to do different things. Marketers do this with psychographics, for instance. Demographics can also matter. The problem here is that we’re using unreliable metrics. First, there are assumptions that turn out to be flawed. They frequently use self-report, also problematic. Some also have a flawed theoretical foundation.

Yes, it’s hard to keep on top of all of this. Ideally, you’d have time to investigate them all. In practice, there are other things to do. We all need ways to simplify our lives. Plus, vendors are telling you that they, at least, are immune to the complaints (with self-interest at stake).  On the other hand, there are good sources of insight from reliable translators of research. There are also practices we can follow to make it manageable. More help is on the way (at the LDA we’re working on it; stay tuned).

While lazy thinking is understandable, it’s not acceptable, at least not in our professional field. While we may not be sued for malpractice, we certainly should be responsible. So let’s avoid taking the easy path, at least when it matters. In our professional capacity, it matters when we’re designing for our learners. Let’s do so on evidence, not assumptions.

DnD n LnD

31 October 2023 by Clark 2 Comments

multi-sided diceLast Friday, I joined in on a Dungeons & Dragons (DnD) campaign. This wasn’t just gratuitous fun, however, but was explicitly run to connect to Learning & Development folks (LnD). Organized by the Training, Learning, and Development Community (a competitor to LDA? I have bias. ;), there was both some preliminary guidance, and outcomes. I was privileged to play a role, and while not an official part of the followup (happening this week), I thought I’d share my reflections.

So, first, my DnD history. I played a few times while in college, but… I gave it up when a favorite character of mine was killed by an evil trap (that was really too advanced for our party). I’ve played a lot of RPGs since then, with a lot of similarities to the formal DnD games (tho’ the actual ones are too complex). Recently, with guidance from offspring two, our family is getting back into it (with a prompt from a Shakespeare and DnD skit at the local Renaissance Faire).

Then, I’ve been into games for learning since my first job out of college, programming educational computer games. It also became the catalyst for my ongoing exploration of engagement to accompany my interest in cognition/learning, design, and technology. The intersection of which is where I’ve pretty much stayed (in a variety of roles), since then! (And, led to my first book on how to do same.)

Also, about DnD. It’s a game where you create a character. There are lots of details. For one, your characteristics: strength, dexterity, wisdom, intelligence, and more. Those combine with lots of attributes (such race & role). Then, there’s lots of elaboration: backstory, equipment, and more. This can alter during the game, where your abilities also rise. This adds complexity to support ongoing engagement. (I heard one team has been going for over 40 years!)

Characters created by the players are then set loose in a campaign (a setting, precipitating story, and potential details). A Dungeon Master runs the game, Keegan Long-Wheeler in our case, writing it and managing the details. Outcomes happen probabilistically by rolling dice. Computers can play a role. For one, through apps that handle details like rolling the dice. Then folks create games that reflect pre-written campaigns.

One important thing, to me, is that the players organize and make decisions together. We were a group who didn’t necessarily know each other, and we were playing under time constraints. This meant we didn’t have the dialog and choices that might typically emerge in such playing. Yet, we managed a successful engagement in the hour+ we were playing. And had fun!

I was an early advocate of games for learning. To be clear, not the tarted up drill and kill we were mostly doing, but inspired by adventure games. John Carroll had written about this back in the day, I found out. However, I’d already seen adventure games having the potential to be a basis for learning. Adventure games naturally require exploring. In them, you’re putting clues together to choose actions to overcome obstacles. Which, really, is good learning practice! That is, making decisions in context in games is good practice for making decisions in performance situations. Okay, with the caveat that you should design the game so that decisions have a natural embed.

The complexity of DnD is a bit much, in my mind, for LnD, but…the design!  The underlying principles of designing campaigns bears some relation to designing learning experiences. I believe designing engaging learning may be harder than designing learning or games, but we do have good principles. I do believe learning can, and should, be ‘hard fun‘.  Heck, it’s the topic of my most recent tome! (I believe learning should be the elegant integration of learning science with engagement.)

This has been an opportunity to reflect a bit on the underlying structure of games, and what makes them work. That’s always a happy time for me. So, I’m curious what you see about the links between games and learning!

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